Scientists have studied the microstructure of spider silk to see how it transmits phonons, quanta of sound that also have thermal properties. Image: Dirk Schneider.New discoveries about spider silk could inspire novel materials that manipulate sound and heat in the same way semiconducting circuits manipulate electrons, according to scientists at Rice University.
In a recent paper in Nature Materials, the Rice scientists, in conjunction with colleagues in Europe and Singapore, report their investigations into the microscopic structure of spider silk and reveal unique characteristics in the way the silk transmits phonons, quasiparticles of sound. Their research shows for the first time that spider silk has a phonon band gap. This means it can block phonon waves at certain frequencies, in the same way that an electronic band gap – the basic property of semiconducting materials – allows some electrons to pass but stops others.
The scientists wrote that their observation is the first discovery of a "hypersonic phononic band gap in a biological material".
How the spider uses this property remains to be understood, but there are clear implications for materials, according to materials scientist and Rice engineering professor Edwin Thomas, who co-authored the paper. He suggested that the crystalline microstructure of spider silk might be replicated in other polymers, producing tunable, dynamic metamaterials like phonon waveguides and novel sound or thermal insulation, since heat propagates through solids via phonons.
"Phonons are mechanical waves," Thomas explained, "and if a material has regions of different elastic modulus and density, then the waves sense that and do what waves do: they scatter. The details of the scattering depend on the arrangement and mechanical couplings of the different regions within the material that they're scattering from."
Spiders are adept at sending and reading vibrations in a web, using them to locate defects and to know when ‘food’ comes calling. Accordingly, spider silk has the ability to transmit a wide range of sounds that scientists think the spider can interpret in various ways. But Thomas and his colleagues found that the silk also has the ability to dampen certain sounds.
"(Spider) silk has a lot of different, interesting microstructures, and our group found we could control the position of the band gap by changing the strain in the silk fiber," Thomas said. "There's a range of frequencies that are not allowed to propagate. If you broadcast sound at a particular frequency, it won't go into the material."
In 2005, Thomas teamed with George Fytas, a materials scientist at the University of Crete in Greece and at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Germany, on a project to define the properties of hypersonic phononic crystals. In that work, the researchers measured phonon propagation and detected band gaps in synthetic polymer crystals aligned at regular intervals.
"Phononic crystals give you the ability to manipulate sound waves, and if you get sound small enough and at high enough frequencies, you're talking about heat," Thomas said. "Being able to make heat flow this way and not that way, or make it so it can't flow at all, means you're turning a material into a thermal insulator that wasn't one before."
Fytas and Thomas decided to take a more detailed look at dragline silk, which spiders use to construct a web's outer rim and spokes, and as a lifeline. (A spider suspended in mid-air is clinging to a dragline.) Though silk has been studied for thousands of years, it has only recently been analyzed for its acoustic properties.
Silk is a hierarchical structure comprised of a protein that folds into sheets and forms crystals. These hard protein crystals are interconnected by softer, amorphous chains, Thomas said. Stretching or relaxing the interconnecting chains changes the silk's acoustic properties by adjusting the mechanical coupling between the crystals.
Fytas' team at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research performed Brillouin light scattering (BLS) experiments to test silk placed under varying degrees of stress. "That was George's genius," Thomas said. "With Brillouin scattering, you use light to create phonons as well as absorb them from the sample. BLS allows you to see how the phonons move around inside any object, depending on the temperature and the material's microstructure."
They found that when silk was ‘super contracted’, the velocity of phonons decreased by 15% while the bandwidth of frequencies it could block increased by 31%. Conversely, when strained, the velocity increased by 27%, while the bandwidth decreased by 33 %. The scientists first observed a band gap in native (uncontracted) silk at about 14.8 gigahertz, with a width of about 5.2 gigahertz.
Just as interesting to the team was the "unique region of negative group velocity" they witnessed. At these conditions, even though phonon waves moved forward, the phase velocity moved backward. The scientists suggest this effect may allow for the focusing of hypersonic phonons.
"Right now, we don't know how to do any of this in other macromolecular fiber materials," Thomas said. "There's been a fair amount of investigation on synthetic polymers like nylon, but nobody's ever found a band gap."
This story is adapted from material from Rice University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.