This illustration shows a magnetic pulse (right) and X-ray laser light (left) converging on a high-temperature superconductor to study the behavior of its electrons. Image: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.By combining powerful magnetic pulses with some of the brightest X-rays on the planet, researchers from Canada, Japan and the US have discovered a surprising three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of electrons in a high-temperature superconductor.
This unexpected twist marks an important milestone in the 30-year journey to better understand how materials known as high-temperature superconductors conduct electricity with no resistance at temperatures far above those of conventional metal superconductors but still hundreds of degrees below freezing. The study was published in Science.
The study also resolves an apparent mismatch in data from previous experiments and charts a new course for fully mapping the behaviors of electrons in these exotic materials under different conditions. The ultimate aim of this work is to help design and develop new superconductors that work at warmer temperatures.
"This was totally unexpected, and also very exciting; this experiment has identified a new ingredient to consider in this field of study. Nobody had seen this 3D picture before," said Jun-Sik Lee, a staff scientist at the Department of Energy (DOE)'s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and one of the leaders of the experiment conducted at SLAC's Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray laser. "This is an important step in understanding the physics of high-temperature superconductors."
The dream is to push the operating temperature for superconductors to room temperature, he added, which could lead to advances in computing, electronics and power grid technologies.
The 3D effect that the researchers observed in the LCLS experiment, which occurs in a superconducting material known as YBCO (yttrium barium copper oxide), is a newly discovered type of 'charge density wave'. This wave does not have the oscillating motion of a light wave or a sound wave; it describes a static, ordered arrangement of clumps of electrons in a superconducting material. Its coexistence with superconductivity perplexes researchers because it seems to conflict with the freely moving electron pairs that define superconductivity.
The two-dimensional (2D) version of this wave was first seen in 2012 and has been studied extensively. The LCLS experiment revealed a separate 3D version that appears stronger than the 2D form but is closely tied to both the 2D behavior and the material's superconductivity.
The experiment was several years in the making and required international expertise to prepare the specialized samples and to construct a powerful customized magnet that produced magnetic pulses compressed to thousandths of a second. Each pulse was 10–20 times stronger than those from the magnets in a typical medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine.
Those short but intense magnetic pulses suppressed the superconductivity of the YBCO samples and provided a clearer view of the charge density wave effects. They were immediately followed at precisely timed intervals by ultrabright LCLS X-ray laser pulses, which allowed scientists to measure the wave effects.
"This experiment is a completely new way of using LCLS that opens up the door for a whole new class of future experiments," said Mike Dunne, LCLS director.
The researchers conducted many preparatory experiments at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), which also produces X-rays for research. LCLS and SSRL are both DOE Office of Science User Facilities. Scientists from the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES) at SLAC, and SSRL and LCLS took part in this study.
"I've been excited about this experiment for a long time," said Steven Kivelson, a Stanford University physics professor who contributed to the study and has researched high-temperature superconductors since 1987.
Kivelson said that the experiment sets very clear boundaries on the temperature and strength of the magnetic field at which the newly observed 3D effect emerges. "There is nothing vague about this," he said. "You can now make a definitive statement: In this material a new phase exists." The experiment also adds weight to the growing evidence that charge density waves and superconductivity "can be thought of as two sides of the same coin", he added.
But it is also clear that YBCO is incredibly complex, and a more complete map of all of its properties is required in order to reach any conclusions about what matters most to its superconductivity, said Simon Gerber of SIMES and Hoyoung Jang of SSRL, the lead authors of the study.
Follow-up experiments are needed to provide a detailed visualization of the 3D effect and to learn whether the effect is universal across all types of high-temperature superconductors, said SLAC staff scientist and SIMES investigator Wei-Sheng Lee, who co-led the study with Jun-Sik Lee of SSRL and Diling Zhu of LCLS.
"The properties of this material are much richer than we thought," Lee said. "We continue to make new and surprising observations as we develop new experimental tools," Zhu added.
This story is adapted from material from the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.