This photo shows the optically-driven mechanical oscillator that was fabricated using a plasmomechanical metamaterial. Photo: UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.Researchers have designed a device that uses light to manipulate its mechanical properties. The device, which was fabricated using a plasmomechanical metamaterial, operates through a unique mechanism that couples its optical and mechanical resonances, enabling it to oscillate indefinitely using energy absorbed from light.
This work demonstrates a metamaterial-based approach to developing an optically-driven mechanical oscillator. The device could potentially be used as a new frequency reference to accurately keep time in satnavs, computers, wristwatches and other devices, the researchers said. Other potential applications that could be derived from this metamaterial-based platform include high precision sensors and quantum transducers. The research is published in a paper in Nature Photonics.
The researchers engineered the metamaterial-based device by integrating tiny light-absorbing nanoantennas onto nanomechanical oscillators. The study was led by Ertugrul Cubukcu, a professor of nanoengineering and electrical engineering at the University of California, San Diego. The work, which Cubukcu started as a faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania and is continuing at the Jacobs School of Engineering at UC San Diego, demonstrates how efficient light-matter interactions can be utilized for applications in novel nanoscale devices.
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to exhibit exotic properties not found in nature. For example, metamaterials can be designed to manipulate light, sound and heat waves in ways that can't typically be done with conventional materials.
Metamaterials are generally considered ‘lossy’ because their metal components absorb light very efficiently. "The lossy trait of metamaterials is considered a nuisance in photonics applications and telecommunications systems, where you have to transmit a lot of power. We're presenting a unique metamaterials approach by taking advantage of this lossy feature," Cubukcu explained.
The device in this study resembles a tiny capacitor – roughly the size of a quarter – consisting of two square plates measuring 500µm by 500µm. The top plate is a bilayer gold/silicon nitride membrane containing an array of cross-shaped slits – the nanoantennas – etched into the gold layer. The bottom plate is a metal reflector separated from the gold/silicon nitride bilayer by a 3µm-wide air gap.
When light shines on the device, the nanoantennas absorb all of the incoming radiation and convert that optical energy into heat. In response, the gold/silicon nitride bilayer bends because gold expands more than silicon nitride when heated. The bending of the bilayer alters the width of the air gap separating it from the metal reflector. This change in spacing causes the bilayer to absorb less light and, as a result, the bilayer bends back to its original position, where it can once again absorb all of the incoming light and the cycle repeats over and over again.
The device relies on a unique hybrid optical resonance known as the Fano resonance, which emerges as a result of the coupling between two distinct optical resonances of the metamaterial. The optical resonance can be tuned ‘at will’ by applying a voltage.
The researchers also point out that because the plasmomechanical metamaterial absorbs light efficiently, it can function under a broad optical resonance. That means the metamaterial won't need a strong laser to provide the energy and can potentially respond to a weak light source like an LED.
"Using plasmonic metamaterials, we were able to design and fabricate a device that can utilize light to amplify or dampen microscopic mechanical motion more powerfully than other devices that demonstrate these effects. Even a non-laser light source could still work on this device," said Hai Zhu, a former graduate student in Cubukcu's lab and first author of the study.
"Optical metamaterials enable the chip-level integration of functionalities such as light-focusing, spectral selectivity and polarization control that are usually performed by conventional optical components such as lenses, optical filters and polarizers. Our particular metamaterial-based approach can extend these effects across the electromagnetic spectrum," said Fei Yi, a postdoctoral researcher who worked in Cubukcu's lab.
This story is adapted from material from the University of California, San Diego, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.