Environmental, physical and structural characterization of geopolymer matrices from coal (Co-) combustion fly ashes

The synthesis of geopolymer matrixes from coal (co-)combustion fly ashes as the sole source of silica and alumina has been studied in order to assess both their capacity to immobilize the potentially toxic elements contained in these coal (co-)combustion by-products and their suitability to be used as cement replacements. The geopolymerization process has been performed using (5, 8 and 12 M) NaOH solutions as activation media and different curing time (6–48 h) and temperature (40–80 °C) conditions. Synthesized geopolymers have been characterized with regard to their leaching behavior, following the DIN 38414-S4 [DIN 38414-S4, Determination of leachability by water (S4), group S: sludge and sediments. German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge. Institut für Normung, Berlin, 1984] and NEN 7375 [NEN 7375, Leaching characteristics of moulded or monolithic building and waste materials. Determination of leaching of inorganic components with the diffusion test. Netherlands Normalization Institute, Delft, 2004] procedures, and to their structural stability by means of compressive strength measurements. In addition, geopolymer mineralogy, morphology and structure have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. It was found that synthesized geopolymer matrixes were only effective in the chemical immobilization of a number of elements of environmental concern contained in fly ashes, reducing (especially for Ba), or maintaining their leachable contents after the geopolymerization process, but not for those elements present as oxyanions. Physical entrapment does not seem either to contribute in an important way, in general, to the immobilization of oxyanions. The structural stability of synthesized geopolymers was mainly dependent on the glass content of fly ashes, attaining at the optimal activation conditions (12 M NaOH, 48 h, 80 °C) compressive strength values about 60 MPa when the fly ash glass content was higher than 90%.

This paper was originally published in Journal of Hazardous Materials 154 (2008) Pages 175–183