Catheters, intravenous lines and other types of surgical tubing are a medical necessity for managing a wide range of diseases. But a patient's experience with such devices is rarely a comfortable one.
Now engineers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have designed a gel-like material that can be coated onto standard plastic or rubber devices, providing a softer, more slippery exterior that can significantly ease a patient's discomfort. The coating can even be tailored to monitor and treat signs of infection.
In a paper published in Advanced Healthcare Materials, the team describes their method for strongly bonding a layer of hydrogel – a squishy, slippery polymer material that consists mostly of water – to common elastomers such as latex, rubber and silicone. This produces ‘hydrogel laminates’ that are at once soft, stretchable and slippery, as well as impermeable to viruses and other small molecules.
The hydrogel coating can be embedded with compounds to sense, for example, inflammatory molecules. Drugs can also be incorporated into and slowly released from the hydrogel coating, to treat inflammation in the body.
The team, led by Xuanhe Zhao, associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MIT, bonded layers of hydrogel onto various elastomer-based medical devices, including catheters and intravenous tubing. They found that the coatings were extremely durable, able to withstand bending and twisting without cracking. The coatings were also extremely slippery, exhibiting much less friction than standard uncoated catheters – a quality that could reduce patients' discomfort.
The group also coated hydrogel onto another widely used elastomer product: condoms. In addition to enhancing the comfort of existing latex condoms by reducing friction, a coating of hydrogel could help improve their safety, since the hydrogel could be embedded with drugs to counter a latex allergy, the researchers say.
"We've demonstrated hydrogel really has the potential to replace common elastomers," Zhao says. "Now we have a method to integrate gels with other materials. We think this has the potential to be applied to a diverse range of medical devices interfacing with the body."
Zhao's co-authors are lead author and graduate student German Parada, graduate students Hyunwoo Yuk and Xinyue Liu, and visiting scientist Alex Hsieh.
"We have the capability to fabricate large-scale hydrogel structures that can coat medical devices, and the hydrogel won't agitate the body. This is a technological platform onto which you can imagine many applications."Xuanhe Zhao, MIT
Zhao's group previously developed recipes to make tough, stretchable hydrogels from mixtures composed mostly of water and a bit of polymer. They also developed a technique to bond hydrogels to elastomers by first treating surfaces such as rubber and silicone with benzophenone, a molecular solution that, when exposed to ultraviolet light, creates strong chemical bonds between the elastomer and the hydrogel.
The researchers have now applied these techniques to fabricating a hydrogel laminate: a layer of elastomer sandwiched between two layers of hydrogel. They then put this laminate structure through a battery of mechanical tests and found the structure remained strongly bonded, without tearing or cracking, even when stretched to multiple times its original length.
The team also placed the laminate structure in a two-chamber tank, filled on one side with deionized water and the other with molecular dye. After several hours, the laminate had prevented any dye from migrating from one side of the chamber to the other, whereas a layer of hydrogel alone let the dye through. The laminate's elastomer layer, they concluded, made the structure as a whole strongly impermeable – a feature they reasoned could also prevent viruses and other small molecules from passing through.
In other tests, the team chemically mixed pH-sensing molecules into the layer of hydrogel lining one side of the elastomer layer, and green food dye into the opposite hydrogel layer. Once again, they placed the entire structure into the two-chamber tank and filled both sides with deionized water. As the researchers changed the acidity of the tank's water, they observed that the parts of the hydrogel containing pH indicators lit up. Meanwhile, the green dye seeped slowly from the opposite hydrogel layer into the second tank, mimicking the action of drug molecules.
"We can put pH-sensing molecules in hydrogels, or drugs that are gradually released," Parada says. "For different applications, we can modify the gel to accommodate that application."
As a first foray into possible applications for these hydrogel laminates, the researchers used their previously developed techniques to coat hydrogel onto various elastomer devices, including silicone tubing, a Foley catheter and a condom. "Our first major focus was catheters, because they are rigid and not very comfortable, and infection of catheters can cause around 50% of readmissions to hospitals," Parada says. "We also thought we could apply this to condoms, because existing latex condoms cause lots of sensitivities and allergies, and if you can put drugs in the gel, you could have better protection."
Even after sharply bending and folding the coated tubing into a knot, the researchers found the hydrogel coating remained strongly bonded to the tubing without causing any tears. The same was true when the researchers inflated both the coated catheter and the coated condom.
Parada says the dimensions of the hydrogel laminate may be tuned to accommodate different devices. For instance, scientists can choose a thicker elastomer to increase a laminate's rigidity, or use a thicker coating of hydrogel to incorporate more drug molecules or sensors. Hydrogels can also be designed to be more or less slippery, depending on the amount of friction desired.
"We have the capability to fabricate large-scale hydrogel structures that can coat medical devices, and the hydrogel won't agitate the body," Zhao says. "This is a technological platform onto which you can imagine many applications."
This story is adapted from material from MIT, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.