"By locking cells and other drug delivering agents in place via magneto-patterning, we are able to start tissues on the appropriate trajectory to produce better implants for cartilage repair."Robert Mauck, University of Pennsylvania
Using a magnetic liquid and hydrogels, a team of researchers in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania have demonstrated a new way to rebuild complex body tissues, which could result in more lasting fixes to common injuries such as cartilage degeneration. The researchers report their work in a paper in Advanced Materials.
"We found that we were able to arrange objects, such as cells, in ways that could generate new, complex tissues without having to alter the cells themselves," said the paper's first author, Hannah Zlotnick, a graduate student in bioengineering who works in the McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory at the Perelman School of Medicine. "Others have had to add magnetic particles to the cells so that they respond to a magnetic field, but that approach can have unwanted long-term effects on cell health. Instead, we manipulated the magnetic character of the environment surrounding the cells, allowing us to arrange the objects with magnets."
In humans, tissues like cartilage can often break down, causing joint instability or pain. Often, the breakdown isn't total, but covers an area, forming a hole. Current fixes are to fill the holes with synthetic or biologic materials, but these materials often wear away because they are don't have the same physical properties as the material they're replacing. It's similar to fixing a pothole in a road by filling it with gravel and making a tar patch: the hole will be smoothed out, but the patch will eventually wear away with use because it's not the same material and can't bond in the same way.
What complicates fixing cartilage or other similar tissues is that their make-up is complex. "There is a natural gradient from the top of the cartilage to the bottom, where it contacts the bone," Zlotnick explained. "Superficially, or at the surface, cartilage has a high cellularity, meaning there is a higher number of cells. But where cartilage attaches to the bone, deeper inside, its cellularity is low."
So the researchers, including senior author Robert Mauck, director of the McKay Lab and a professor of orthopaedic surgery and bioengineering, sought to find a way to fix the potholes by repaving them instead of filling them in. With that in mind, the researchers found that if they added a magnetic liquid to a 3D hydrogel solution, they could use an external magnetic field to arrange cells and other non-magnetic objects, including drug delivery microcapsules, into specific patterns that mimicked natural tissue within the hydrogel.
After brief contact with the magnetic field, the patterned hydrogel solution, together with the objects in it, were exposed to ultraviolet light in a process called 'photo crosslinking' to lock the pattern in place, and the magnetic solution was subsequently diffused out. After this, the engineered tissues maintained the necessary cellular gradient.
With this magneto-patterning technique, the team was able to recreate articular cartilage, the tissue that covers the ends of bones.
"These magneto-patterned engineered tissues better resemble the native tissue, in terms of their cell disposition and mechanical properties, compared to standard uniform synthetic materials or biologics that have been produced," said Mauck. "By locking cells and other drug delivering agents in place via magneto-patterning, we are able to start tissues on the appropriate trajectory to produce better implants for cartilage repair."
While the technique was restricted to in vitro studies, this represents the first step toward potential longer-lasting, more efficient fixes in living subjects.
"This new approach can be used to generate living tissues for implantation to fix localized cartilage defects, and may one day be extended to generate living joint surfaces," Mauck explained.
This story is adapted from material from the University of Pennsylvania, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.