Rice University graduate student Natsumi Komatsu holds a spool of thread-like carbon nanotube fiber. Photo: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University.Invisibly small carbon nanotubes aligned as fibers and sewn into fabrics can become a thermoelectric generator able to turn heat from the Sun or other sources into energy.
The Rice University lab of physicist Junichiro Kono led an effort with scientists at Tokyo Metropolitan University in Japan and the Rice-based Carbon Hub to make custom nanotube fibers and test their potential for large-scale applications. These small-scale experiments led to a fiber-enhanced, flexible cotton fabric that can turn heat into enough energy to power an LED.
With further development, the researchers say such materials could become building blocks for fiber and textile electronics and energy harvesting. The same nanotube fibers could also be used as heat sinks to actively cool sensitive electronics with high efficiency. The researchers describe these fibers in a paper in Nature Communications.
The basic thermoelectric effect seems simple: if one side of a thermoelectric material is hotter than the other, it produces energy. The heat can come from the Sun or devices like the hotplates used in this study. Conversely, adding energy can prompt the material to cool the hotter side.
Until now, no macroscopic assemblies of nanomaterials have displayed the necessary 'giant power factor', about 14 milliwatts per meter kelvin squared, that the Rice researchers measured in their carbon nanotube fibers.
“The power factor tells you how much power density you can get out of a material upon certain temperature difference and temperature gradient,” said Rice graduate student Natsumi Komatsu, lead author of the paper. She noted that a material’s power factor is a combined effect from its electrical conductivity and what’s known as the Seebeck coefficient, a measure of a material's ability to translate thermal differences into electricity.
“The ultrahigh electrical conductivity of this fiber was one of the key attributes,” Komatsu said.
The effect also depends on tuning the nanotubes’ inherent Fermi energy, a property that determines electrochemical potential. The researchers were able to control the Fermi energy by chemically doping the nanotubes, which were then made into fibers by the Rice lab of co-author and chemical and biomolecular engineer Matteo Pasquali. By controlling the Fermi energy in this way, the researchers were able to tune the electronic properties of the fibers.
While the fibers they tested were cut into centimeter lengths, Komatsu said there’s no reason devices can’t make use of the excellent nanotube fibers from the Pasquali lab that are spooled in continuous lengths. “No matter where you measure them, they have the same very high electrical conductivity,” she said. “The piece I measured was small only because my setup isn’t capable of measuring 50 meters of fiber.”
Pasquali is director of the Carbon Hub, which promotes expanding the development of carbon materials and hydrogen in a way that also fundamentally changes how the world uses fossil hydrocarbons.
“Carbon nanotube fibers have been on a steady growth path and are proving advantageous in more and more applications,” Pasquali said. “Rather than wasting carbon by burning it into carbon dioxide, we can fix it as useful materials that have further environmental benefits in electricity generation and transportation.”
Whether the new research leads to a solar panel you can throw in the washing machine remains to be seen, but Kono agreed the technology has great and varied potential.
“Nanotubes have been around for 30 years, and scientifically, a lot is known,” he said. “But in order to make real-world devices, we need macroscopically ordered or crystalline assemblies. Those are the types of nanotube samples that Matteo’s group and my group can make, and there are many, many possibilities for applications.”
This story is adapted from material from Rice University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.