This illustration shows a model platelet-matrix composite in the foreground and nacre, one of nature's toughest materials, in the background. Researchers at Rice University have developed computer simulations to decode natural materials, with the aim of guiding research into synthetic multifunctional composites. Image: Multiscale Materials Laboratory/Rice University.How a material breaks may be the most important property to consider when designing layered composites that mimic those found in nature. A novel model developed by engineers at Rice University can decode the interactions between materials and the structures they form, helping maximize their strength, toughness, stiffness and fracture strain.
Rice materials scientist Rouzbeh Shahsavari and visiting scholar Shafee Farzanian developed the model to help with the synthesis of staggered composites for applications at any scale, from microelectronics to cars to spacecraft, where lightweight, multifunctional structural composites are key. The model is derived from more than 400 computer simulations of natural platelet-matrix composite materials like mother-of-pearl.
The model integrates the geometries and properties of various platelet and matrix components to compute a composite's strength, toughness, stiffness and fracture strain. Changing any architectural or compositional parameter adjusts the entire model as the user seeks the optimal psi, a quantification of a material’s ability to avoid catastrophic failure. The engineers report their work in a paper in the Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids.
Natural composites are common: examples include nacre (mother-of-pearl), tooth enamel, bamboo and the dactyl clubs of mantis shrimp. All comprise nanoscale arrangements of hard platelets connected by soft matrix materials, arranged in overlapping brick-and-mortar, bouligand or other architectures.
These natural composites work because the hard parts are strong enough to take a beating and flexible enough (due to the soft matrix) to distribute stress throughout the material. When they fracture, they're often able to distribute or limit the damage without failing entirely.
"Lightweight natural materials are abundant," Shahsavari said. "In these types of materials, two kinds of toughening happen. One comes before crack propagation, when the platelets slide against each other to relieve stress. The other is part of the beauty of these materials: the way they toughen after crack propagation.
"Even when there is a crack, it does not mean a failure. The crack may be arrested or deflected several times between the layers. Instead of going straight through the material to the surface, which is a catastrophic failure, the crack bumps into another layer and zigzags or forms another complex pattern that delays or entirely prevents the failure. This is because a long and complex crack trajectory requires much more energy to drive it, compared with a straight crack."
Scientists and engineers have worked for years to replicate the light, tough, strong and stiff properties of natural materials, either with hard and soft components or combinations of different platelet types.
To engineers, stiffness, toughness and strength are distinct characteristics. Strength is the ability of a material to stay together when stretched or compressed. Stiffness is how well a material resists deformation. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy before failure. In a previous paper, the Rice engineers created maps to predict the properties of composites based on those parameters before crack propagation.
The addition of crack-induced toughening in natural and biomimetic materials, Shahsavari said, is another potent and interesting source of toughening that provides extra lines of defense against failure. "The models uncovered nonintuitive synergies between the before- and after-crack toughening phenomena," he said. "They showed us what architectures and components would allow us to combine the best properties of each."
The baseline model allowed the researchers to adjust four values for each simulation: characteristic platelet length, plasticity of the matrix, the platelet dissimilarity ratio (when more than one type of platelet is involved) and the platelet overlap offset, all of which are important to a composite's properties.
Over the course of 400 simulations, the model revealed the greatest factor in psi may be platelet length, Shahsavari said. It showed that short platelets largely yield fracture control to the plasticity of the soft matrix, while long platelets take it back. Platelet lengths that distribute the fracture evenly and allow maximum crack growth can achieve the optimal psi and make a material better able to avoid catastrophic failure.
The model will also help researchers design whether a material will fail with a sudden fracture, like ceramics, or slowly, like ductile metals, by switching components, using contrasting platelets or changing the architecture.
This story is adapted from material from Rice University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.