This image shows how filling the vasculature with different fluids can alter the metamaterial's thermal and electromagnetic properties. Image: North Carolina State University.Researchers have created and demonstrated a new vascular metamaterial that can be reconfigured to modify its thermal and electromagnetic properties.
“We drew inspiration from the network of tiny vessels found in living organisms and have incorporated such microvasculature into a structural epoxy reinforced with glass fibers – essentially vascularized fiberglass,” says Jason Patrick, assistant professor of civil, construction and environmental engineering at North Carolina State University, and corresponding author of a paper on this work in Advanced Materials Technologies.
“And we can control multiple characteristics of the composite material by pumping different fluids through that vasculature. This reconfigurability is appealing for applications ranging from aircraft to buildings to microprocessors.”
The metamaterial is made using 3D printing technologies, which allowed the researchers to create networks of tiny tubes, known as microvasculature, in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. This microvasculature can be incorporated into a range of structural composites, from fiberglass to carbon fiber to other high-strength materials for body armor.
In experiments, the researchers infused the vasculature with a room-temperature liquid metal alloy of gallium and indium, allowing them to control the electromagnetic properties of the metamaterial by manipulating the microvessel architecture. Specifically, by varying the orientation and spacing of the vasculature, the researchers were able to control how the material filters out specific electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency spectrum. This reconfiguration holds potential for tunable communications and sensing systems (e.g. RADAR, Wi-Fi) capable of operating in different parts of the spectrum on demand.
“The ability to dynamically reconfigure electromagnetic behavior is really valuable, particularly in applications where size, weight and power constraints highly incentivize the use of devices which can perform multiple communication and sensing roles within a system,” says co-author Kurt Schab, an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Santa Clara University.
The researchers also circulated water through the same vasculature and demonstrated that this allowed them to manipulate the material’s thermal characteristics.
“This could help us develop more efficient active-cooling systems in devices such as electric vehicles, hypersonic aircraft and microprocessors,” says Patrick. “For example, batteries in electric vehicles currently rely on aluminum fins with simple microchannels for cooling. We believe our metamaterial would be as effective at dissipating heat and could also maintain structural protection of the power source – but would be substantially lighter. In addition, 3D printing allows us to create more complex, optimized vascular architectures.”
The researchers also note that the new metamaterial should be cost effective, as it relies on readily available composite fabrication processes.
“Fiber-reinforced composites are already in widespread use,” Patrick says. “What we’re doing is making material advancements and leveraging 3D printing to create a new class of multifunctional and reconfigurable metamaterials that has real potential for scalable, structural implementation and shouldn’t be prohibitively expensive.”
“We clearly have some applications in mind for this metamaterial, but there are certainly applications we haven’t thought of,” he adds. “We are open to working with folks who have fresh ideas on how we might be able to make further use of this novel material.”
This story is adapted from material from North Carolina State University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.