Novel machine-learning algorithm helps to identify tough MOFs

Machine learning can be used to predict the properties of a group of materials that, according to some, could be as important to the 21st century as plastics were to the 20^th century.

A team of researchers have used machine learning techniques to accurately predict the mechanical properties of metal organic frameworks (MOFs), which can be used for applications such as extracting water from the air in the desert, storing dangerous gases or powering hydrogen-based cars.

The team, led by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK, used their machine learning algorithm to predict the properties of more than 3000 existing MOFs, as well as MOFs that are yet to be synthesized in the laboratory. The results, reported in a paper in Matter, could be used to significantly speed up the way materials are characterized and designed at the molecular scale.

MOFs are self-assembling three-dimensional compounds made of metallic and organic atoms connected together. Like plastics, they are highly versatile, and can be customized into millions of different combinations. Unlike plastics, which are based on long chains of polymers that grow in only one direction, MOFs have orderly crystalline structures that grow in all directions.

This crystalline structure means that MOFs can be made like building blocks: individual atoms or molecules can be switched in or out of the structure, a level of precision that is impossible to achieve with plastics.

The structures are highly porous with massive surface areas: a MOF the size of a sugar cube laid flat would cover an area the size of six football fields. Perhaps somewhat counterintuitively, however, MOFs make highly effective storage devices. The pores in any given MOF can be customized to form a perfectly-shaped storage pocket for different molecules, just by changing the building blocks.

"That MOFs are so porous makes them highly adaptable for all kinds of different applications, but at the same time their porous nature makes them highly fragile," said David Fairen-Jimenez from Cambridge's Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, who led the research.

MOFs are synthesized in powder form, but in order to be of any practical use, the powder is put under pressure and formed into larger, shaped pellets. Due to their porosity, many MOFs are crushed in this process, wasting both time and money.

To address this problem, Fairen-Jimenez and his collaborators from Belgium and the US developed a machine-learning algorithm to predict the mechanical properties of thousands of MOFs, so that only those with the necessary mechanical stability are manufactured.

The researchers used a multi-level computational approach in order to build an interactive map of the structural and mechanical landscape of MOFs. First, they used high-throughput molecular simulations for 3385 MOFs. Next, they developed a freely available machine-learning algorithm to automatically predict the mechanical properties of existing and yet-to-be-synthesized MOFs.

"We are now able to explain the landscape for all the materials at the same time," said Fairen-Jimenez. "This way, we can predict what the best material would be for a given task."

The researchers have launched an interactive website where scientists can design and predict the performance of their own MOFs. Fairen-Jimenez says that this tool will help to close the gap between experimentalists and computationalists working in this area. "It allows researchers to access the tools they need in order to work with these materials: it simplifies the questions they need to ask," he said.

This story is adapted from material from the University of Cambridge, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.