This illustration shows how the electronic tug-of-war between the layers of a new quantum material has warped its atomic lattice into a dramatic herringbone-like pattern. Image: Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.Researchers at the US Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have created a new type of quantum material whose atomic scaffolding, or lattice, has been dramatically warped into a herringbone pattern.
The resulting distortions are “huge” compared to those achieved in other materials, said Woo Jin Kim, a postdoctoral researcher at the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES) at SLAC who led the study.
“This is a very fundamental result, so it’s hard to make predictions about what may or may not come out of it, but the possibilities are exciting,” said SLAC/Stanford professor and SIMES director Harold Hwang. “Based on theoretical modeling from members of our team, it looks like the new material has intriguing magnetic, orbital and charge-order properties that we plan to investigate further.”
These are some of the very properties that scientists think give quantum materials their surprising characteristics. The research team reports its work in a paper in Nature.
The herringbone-patterned material is the first demonstration of something called the Jahn-Teller (JT) effect in a layered material with a flat, planar lattice, like a high-rise building with evenly spaced floors.
The JT effect addresses the dilemma an electron faces when it approaches an ion – an atom that’s missing one or more electrons. In the same way that a ball rolling along the ground will stop and settle in a low spot, the electron will seek out and occupy the vacancy in the atom’s electron orbitals that has the lowest energy state. But sometimes there are two vacancies with equally low energies. What then?
If the ion is in a molecule or embedded in a crystal, the JT effect distorts the surrounding atomic lattice in a way that leaves only one vacancy at the lowest energy state, solving the electron’s problem, Hwang said. And when the whole crystal lattice consists of JT ions, in some cases the overall crystal structure warps, so the electron’s dilemma is cooperatively solved for all the ions. That’s what happened in this study.
“The Jahn-Teller effect creates strong interactions between the electrons, and between the electrons and the lattice,” Hwang said. “This is thought to play key roles in the physics of a number of quantum materials.”
The JT effect had already been demonstrated for single molecules and for 3D crystalline materials that consist of ions arranged in octahedral or tetrahedral structures. In fact, JT oxides based on manganese or copper exhibit colossal magnetoresistance and high-temperature superconductivity – leading scientists to wonder what would happen in materials based on other elements or with a different structure.
In this study, the SIMES researchers turned a material made of cobalt, calcium and oxygen (CaCoO2.5), which has a different stacking of octahedral and tetrahedral layers and is known as brownmillerite, into a layered material (CaCoO2) where the JT effect could take hold. They did this using a chemical trick developed at SIMES a few years ago to make the first nickel oxide superconductor.
Kim synthesized a thin film of brownmillerite and then chemically removed single layers of oxygen atoms from its lattice, much like players carefully remove blocks from a Jenga tower. This caused the lattice to collapse and settle into a flat, planar configuration with alternating layers containing negatively charged cobalt ions – the JT ions – and positively charged calcium ions.
Each cobalt ion tried to pull calcium ions from the layers above and below it. “This tug-of-war between adjacent layers led to a beautiful pattern of distortions that reflects the best and most harmonious compromise between the forces at play,” Kim said. “And the resulting lattice distortions are huge compared to those in other materials – equal to 25% of the distance between ions in the lattice.”
Hwang said the research team will be exploring this remarkable new electronic configuration with X-ray tools available at SLAC and elsewhere. “We also wonder what will happen if we can dope this material – replacing some atoms with others to change the number of electrons that are free to move around. There are many exciting possibilities.”
This story is adapted from material from the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.