Quantum loop leads to room-temperature topological magnet

An international team of researchers led by scientists at Princeton University has found a magnetic material that allows electrons to behave counterintuitively at room temperature, acting collectively rather than as individuals. This collective behavior mimics massless particles and anti-particles that coexist in an unexpected way and together form an exotic loop-like structure. The researchers report their findings in a paper in Science.

The key to this behavior is topology – a branch of mathematics that is already known to play a powerful role in dictating the behavior of electrons in crystals. Topological materials can contain massless particles in the form of light, or photons. In a topological crystal, the electrons often behave like slowed-down light, yet, unlike light, they carry electrical charge.

Topology has seldom been observed in magnetic materials, and the finding of a magnetic topological material at room temperature is a step forward that could unlock new approaches to harnessing topological materials for future technological applications.

"Before this work, evidence for the topological properties of magnets in three dimensions was inconclusive. These new results give us direct and decisive evidence for this phenomenon at the microscopic level," said Zahid Hasan, professor of physics at Princeton, who led the research. "This work opens up a new continent for exploration in topological magnets."

Hasan and his team spent more than a decade studying candidate materials in the search for a topological magnetic quantum state. "The physics of bulk magnets has been understood for many decades. A natural question for us is: can magnetic and topological properties together produce something new in three dimensions?" Hasan said.

Thousands of magnetic materials exist, but most did not have the correct properties, the researchers found. The magnets were too difficult to synthesize, the magnetism was not sufficiently well understood, the magnetic structure was too complicated to model theoretically, or no decisive experimental signatures of the topology could be observed. Then came a lucky turning point.

"After studying many magnetic materials, we performed a measurement on a class of room-temperature magnets and unexpectedly saw signatures of massless electrons," said Ilya Belopolski, a postdoctoral researcher in Hasan's laboratory and co-first author of the paper. "That set us on the path to the discovery of the first three-dimensional topological magnetic phase."

The exotic magnetic crystal consists of cobalt, manganese and gallium, arranged in an orderly, repeating three-dimensional pattern. To explore the material's topological state, the researchers used a technique called angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. This works by shining high-intensity light on the sample, forcing electrons to emit from the surface. These emitted electrons can then be measured, providing information about the way the electrons behaved when they were inside the crystal.

"It's an extremely powerful experimental technique, which in this case allowed us to directly observe that the electrons in this magnet behave as if they are massless. These massless electrons are known as Weyl fermions," explained Daniel Sanchez, a Princeton visiting researcher and PhD student at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, and another co-first author of the paper.

A key insight came when the researchers studied the Weyl fermions more closely and realized that the magnet hosted an infinite series of distinct massless electrons taking the form of a loop, with some electrons mimicking properties of particles and some of anti-particles. This collective quantum behavior of the electrons has been termed a magnetic topological Weyl fermion loop.

"It truly is an exotic and novel system," said Guoqing Chang, a postdoctoral researcher in Hasan's group and another co-first author of the paper. "The collective electron behavior in these particles is unlike anything familiar to us in our everyday experience – or even in the experience of particle physicists studying subatomic particles. Here we are dealing with emergent particles obeying different laws of nature."

It turns out that a key driver of these properties is a mathematical quantity that describes the infinite series of massless electrons. The researchers were able to pin down the role of topology by observing subtle changes in the difference between the behavior of electrons living on the surface of the sample and those deeper in its interior. The technique to demonstrate topological quantities through the contrasts of surface and bulk properties was pioneered by Hasan's group, which used it to detect Weyl fermions in 2015. The team subsequently used an analogous approach to discover a topological chiral crystal.

"This work represents the culmination of about a decade of seeking to realize a topological magnetic quantum phase in three dimensions," Hasan said.

An important aspect of the result is that the material retains its magnetism up to 400°C – well above room temperature – satisfying a key requirement for real-world technological applications.

"Before our work, topological magnetic properties were typically observed when the thin films of materials were extremely cold – a fraction of a degree above absolute zero – requiring specialized equipment simply to achieve the necessary temperatures. Even a small amount of heat would thermally destabilize the topological magnetic state," Hasan said. "The quantum magnet studied here exhibits topological properties at room temperature."

A topological magnet in three dimensions reveals its most exotic signatures only on its surface – electron wavefunctions take the shape of drumheads. This is unprecedented in previously known magnets and constitutes the tell-tale signature of a topological magnet. The researchers observed such drumhead-shaped electronic states in their data, providing the crucial evidence that it is a novel state of matter.

"The Princeton group has long been at the forefront of discovering new materials with topological properties," said Patrick Lee, a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who was not involved in the study. "By extending this work to a room-temperature ferromagnetic and demonstrating the existence of a new kind of drumhead surface states, this work opens up a new domain for further discoveries."

To understand their findings, the researchers studied the arrangement of atoms on the surface of the material using several techniques, such as checking for the right kind of symmetry using a scanning tunneling microscope. Driven by the tantalizing possibility of applications, the researchers then went one step further and applied electromagnetic fields to the topological magnet to see how it would respond. They observed an exotic electromagnetic response up to room temperature, which could be directly traced back to the quantum loop electrons.

"We have many topological materials, but among them it has been difficult to show a clear electromagnetic response arising from the topology," Hasan added. "Here we have been able to do that. It sets up a whole new research field for topological magnets."

This story is adapted from material from Princeton University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.