Georgia Tech professor Zhong Lin Wang poses with an array of 1000 LED lights that can be illuminated by the power produced by the force of a shoe striking a triboelectric generator placed on the floor. Photo: Rob Felt.Most people have felt the sting from grabbing a doorknob after walking across a carpet or seen how a balloon will stick to a fuzzy surface after a few moments of vigorous rubbing. While the effects of static electricity have been fascinating casual observers and scientists for millennia, certain aspects of how the electricity is generated and stored on surfaces have remained a mystery.
Now, researchers have discovered more details about the way certain materials hold a charge even after two surfaces separate, information that could help improve devices that leverage such energy as a power source.
"We've known that energy generated in contact electrification is readily retained by the material as electrostatic charges for hours at room temperature," said Zhong Lin Wang, professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "Our research showed that there's a potential barrier at the surface that prevents the charges generated from flowing back to the solid where they were from or escaping from the surface after the contacting."
In their research, which is reported in a paper in Advanced Materials, the researchers found that electron transfer – rather than ion transfer – is the dominant process for contact electrification, also known as triboelectrification, between two inorganic solids. This finding explains some of the characteristics already observed about static electricity.
"There has been some debate around contact electrification – namely, whether the charge transfer occurs through electrons or ions and why the charges retain on the surface without a quick dissipation," Wang said.
It's been eight years since Wang's team first published research on triboelectric nanogenerators, which employ materials that create an electric charge when in motion and could be designed to harvest energy from a variety of sources such as wind, ocean currents or sound vibrations. "Previously we just used trial and error to maximize this effect," Wang said. "But with this new information, we can design materials that have better performance for power conversion."
The researchers developed a method using a nanoscale triboelectric nanogenerator – composed of layers either of titanium and aluminum oxide or titanium and silicone dioxide – to help quantify the amount of charge accumulating on surfaces during moments of friction.
The method was capable of tracking the accumulated charges in real time and worked over a wide range of temperatures, including very high ones. The data from the study indicated that the characteristics of the triboelectric effect – namely, how electrons flowed across barriers – were consistent with the electron thermionic emission theory.
By designing triboelectric nanogenerators that could withstand testing at high temperatures, the researchers also found that temperature played a major role in the triboelectric effect. "We never realized it was a temperature-dependent phenomenon," Wang said. "But we found that when the temperature reaches about 300°C, the triboelectric transfer almost disappears."
The researchers tested the ability of surfaces to maintain a charge at temperatures ranging from about 80°C to 300°C. Based on their data, the researchers then proposed a mechanism to explain why the triboelectric effect weakens at higher temperatures.
"As the temperature rises, the energy fluctuations of electrons become larger and larger," the researchers wrote. "Thus, it is easier for electrons to hop out of the potential well, and they either go back to the material where they came from or emit into air."
This story is adapted from material from the Georgia Institute of Technology, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.