The structure of the novel solar cell, with the ferrocene layer highlighted. Image: Li et al. 2022.New solar cell devices that are cheaper and easier to make could soon make their way to market thanks to materials made by researchers at Imperial College London.
Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, which has good efficiency and stability but is relatively expensive to make and can only be manufactured in stiff panels. Perovskite solar cells offer an intriguing alternative. They can be printed from inks, making them low cost, high efficiency, thin, lightweight and flexible. However, they have trailed behind silicon solar cells in efficiency and, importantly, stability, breaking down under normal environmental conditions.
New metal-containing materials called ferrocenes could help with these problems. By adding Imperial-made ferrocenes into perovskite solar cells, researchers from City University of Hong Kong (CityU) were able to vastly improve the cells’ efficiency and stability. The researchers report their results in a paper in Science.
“Silicon cells are efficient but expensive, and we urgently need new solar energy devices to accelerate the transition to renewable energy,” said co-lead author Nicholas Long from the Department of Chemistry at Imperial. “Stable and efficient perovskite cells could ultimately allow solar energy to be used in more applications – from powering the developing world to charging a new generation of wearable devices.
“Our collaboration with colleagues in Hong Kong was beautifully serendipitous, arising after I gave a talk about new ferrocene compounds and met Dr Zonglong Zhu from CityU, who asked me to send over some samples. Within a few months, the CityU team told us the results were exciting, and asked us to send more samples, beginning a research program that has resulted in perovskite devices that are both more efficient and more stable.”
Perovskite forms the ‘light-harvesting’ layer of solar cell devices. However, these devices have been less efficient at converting solar energy into electricity than silicon-based solar cells, primarily because the electrons are less ‘mobile’ – they are less able to move from the harvesting layer to the electricity-conversion layers.
Ferrocenes are compounds with iron at their center, surrounded by sandwiching rings of carbon. The unique structure of ferrocene was first recognised by Imperial’s own Nobel Prize-winner, Geoffrey Wilkinson, in 1952, and ferrocenes are still being researched around the world today for their unique properties.
One property their structure gives them is excellent electron richness, which in this case allows electrons to move more easily from the perovskite layer to subsequent layers in the solar cell, improving the efficiency with which solar energy is converted to electricity.
Tests performed by the team at CityU and in commercial labs showed that the efficiency of perovskite devices with an added ferrocene layer can reach 25%, approaching the efficiency of traditional silicon cells.
But this isn’t the only problem solved by the ferrocene-based materials. The team at Imperial have also been experimenting with attaching different chemical groups to the carbon rings of ferrocene. After sending the Hong Kong team several versions of these, made by PhD student Stephanie Sheppard, the collaborators discovered a version that significantly improves the attachment of the perovskite layers to the rest of the device.
This added attachment power improved the stability of the devices, meaning they maintained more than 98% of their initial efficiency after continuously operating at maximum power for 1500 hours. The efficiency and stability gained thanks to the addition of a ferrocene layer brings these perovskite devices close to current international standards for traditional silicon cells.
“We are the first team to successfully boost the inverted perovskite solar cell to a record-high efficiency of 25% and pass the stability test set by the International Electrotechnical Commission,” said lead researcher Zonglong Zhu from CityU.
The team have patented their design and hope to licence it, eventually bringing their perovskite devices to the market. In the meantime, they are experimenting with different ferrocene designs to further improve the performance and stability of the devices.
This story is adapted from material from Imperial College London, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.