Hollow structures spontaneously let batteries store more energy

An unexpected property of nanometer-scale antimony crystals – the spontaneous formation of hollow structures – could increase the energy density of the next generation of lithium-ion batteries without reducing their lifetime. The reversibly hollowing structures should allow lithium-ion batteries to hold more energy and therefore provide more power between charges.

The flow of lithium ions into and out of alloy battery anodes has long been a limiting factor in how much energy lithium-ion batteries could hold using conventional materials. Too much ion flow causes anode materials to swell and then shrink during charge-discharge cycles, leading to mechanical degradation that shortens battery life. To address that issue, researchers had previously developed hollow ‘yolk-shell’ nanoparticles that accommodate the volume change caused by ion flow, but fabricating them has proved complex and costly.

Now, a research team has discovered that particles a thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair spontaneously form hollow structures during the charge-discharge cycle without changing size, allowing more ion flow without damaging the anodes. The team reports its findings in a paper in Nature Nanotechnology.

"Intentionally engineering hollow nanomaterials has been done for a while now, and it is a promising approach for improving the lifetime and stability of batteries with high energy density," said Matthew McDowell, assistant professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "The problem has been that directly synthesizing these hollow nanostructures at the large scales needed for commercial applications is challenging and expensive. Our discovery could offer an easier, streamlined process that could lead to improved performance in a way that is similar to the intentionally engineered hollow structures."

The researchers made their discovery using a high-resolution electron microscope that allowed them to directly visualize battery reactions as they occur at the nanoscale. "This is a tricky type of experiment, but if you are patient and do the experiments right, you can learn really important things about how the materials behave in batteries," McDowell said.

The team, which included researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and ETH Zürich in Switzerland, also used modeling to create a theoretical framework for understanding why the nanoparticles spontaneously hollow – instead of shrinking – during removal of lithium from the battery.

The ability to form and reversibly fill hollow particles during battery cycling occurs only in oxide-coated antimony nanocrystals that are less than approximately 30nm in diameter. The research team found that this behavior arises from a resilient native oxide layer that allows for initial expansion during lithiation – flow of ions into the anode – but mechanically prevents shrinkage as antimony forms voids during the removal of ions, a process known as delithiation.

This finding was a bit of a surprise, as earlier work on related materials had utilized larger particles that expand and shrink instead of forming hollow structures. "When we first observed the distinctive hollowing behavior, it was very exciting and we immediately knew this could have important implications for battery performance," McDowell said.

Antimony is relatively expensive and not currently used in commercial battery electrodes. But McDowell believes the spontaneous hollowing may also occur in less costly related materials such as tin. Next steps would include testing other materials and mapping a pathway to commercial scale-up.

"It would be interesting to test other materials to see if they transform according to a similar hollowing mechanism," he said. "This could expand the range of materials available for use in batteries. The small test batteries we fabricated showed promising charge-discharge performance, so we would like to evaluate the materials in larger batteries."

Though they may be costly, the self-hollowing antimony nanocrystals have another interesting property: they could also be used in sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries, emerging technologies for which much more research must be done.

"This work advances our understanding of how this type of material evolves inside batteries," McDowell said. "This information will be critical for implementing the material or related materials in the next generation of lithium-ion batteries, which will be able to store more energy and be just as durable as the batteries we have today."

This story is adapted from material from the Georgia Institute of Technology, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.