New semiliquid anode could produce better, safer lithium batteries

Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University's Mellon College of Science and College of Engineering have developed a semiliquid lithium metal-based anode that represents a new paradigm in battery design. Lithium batteries made using this new electrode type could have a higher capacity and be much safer than typical lithium metal-based batteries that use lithium foil as the anode. The interdisciplinary research team report their findings in a paper in Joule.

Lithium-based batteries are one of the most common types of rechargeable battery used in modern electronics due to their ability to store high amounts of energy. Traditionally, these batteries are made of combustible liquid electrolytes and two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, separated by a membrane. After a battery has been charged and discharged repeatedly, strands of lithium called dendrites can grow on the surface of the anode, eventually piercing through the membrane that separates the two electrodes. This allows contact between the anode and the cathode, which can cause the battery to short circuit and, in the worst case, catch fire.

"Incorporating a metallic lithium anode into lithium-ion batteries has the theoretical potential to create a battery with much more capacity than a battery with a graphite anode," said Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, professor of natural sciences in Carnegie Mellon's Department of Chemistry. "But, the most important thing we need to do is make sure that the battery we create is safe."

One proposed solution to the volatile liquid electrolytes used in current batteries is to replace them with solid ceramic electrolytes. These electrolytes are highly conductive, non-combustible and strong enough to resist dendrites. However, researchers have found that the contact between the ceramic electrolyte and a solid lithium anode is insufficient for storing and supplying the amount of power needed for most electronics.

Sipei Li, a doctoral student in Carnegie Mellon's Department of Chemistry, and Han Wang, a doctoral student in Carnegie Mellon's Department of Materials Science and Engineering, were able to overcome this shortcoming by creating a new class of material that can be used as a semiliquid metal anode.

Working with Matyjaszewski, a leader in polymer chemistry and materials science, and Jay Whitacre, professor in energy in the College of Engineering and director of the Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon, Li and Wang created a dual-conductive polymer/carbon composite matrix with lithium microparticles evenly distributed throughout. The matrix remains flowable at room temperatures, which allows it to create a sufficient level of contact with the solid electrolyte. By combining the semiliquid metal anode with a garnet-based solid ceramic electrolyte, the researchers were able to cycle a battery cell at 10 times higher current density than possible with cells possessing a solid electrolyte and a traditional lithium foil anode. This cell also had a much longer cycle-life than traditional cells.

"This new processing route leads to a lithium metal-based battery anode that is flowable and has very appealing safety and performance compared to ordinary lithium metal. Implementing new material like this could lead to step change in lithium-based rechargeable batteries, and we are working hard to see how this works in a range of battery architectures," said Whitacre.

The researchers believe that their method could have far reaching impacts. For example, it could be used to create high-capacity batteries for electric vehicles and flexible batteries for use in wearable devices. They also believe that their methods could be extended beyond lithium to other rechargeable battery systems, including sodium-metal batteries and potassium-metal batteries, and might be able to be used in grid-scale energy storage.

This story is adapted from material from Carnegie Mellon University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.