Researchers make critical finding about novel semimetal

Physicists searching for evidence of quantum criticality in topological materials have found one of the most pristine examples yet observed.

In a paper in Science Advances, researchers from Rice University, Johns Hopkins University, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) in Austria present the first experimental evidence to suggest that quantum criticality – a disordered state in which electrons waver between competing states of order – may give rise to topological phases. These are 'protected' quantum states that are of growing interest for quantum computation.

"The thought that underlies this work is, 'Why not quantum criticality?'," said study co-author Qimiao Si, a theoretical physicist from Rice. Si has spent two decades studying the interplay between quantum criticality and one of the most mysterious processes in modern physics, high-temperature superconductivity.

"Maybe quantum criticality is not the only mechanism that can nucleate topological phases of matter, but we know quantum criticality provides a setting in which things are fluctuating and from which new states of matter can emerge," said Si, director of the Rice Center for Quantum Materials (RCQM).

In this study, Si and colleagues, including experimentalist Silke Bühler-Paschen, a long-time collaborator at TU Wien, and Collin Broholm of both NIST and Johns Hopkins, studied a semimetal made from cerium, ruthenium and tin (CeRu₄Sn₆). Topological phases have not been observed in CeRu₄Sn₆, but it is similar to a number of other materials in which these have been observed. And it is known to host the Kondo effect, a strong interaction between the magnetic moments of electrons attached to metal atoms and the spins of passing conduction electrons.

In typical metals and semiconductors, interactions between electrons are weak enough that engineers and physicists need not take them into account when designing a computer chip or other electronic device. Not so in 'strongly correlated' materials like Kondo semimetals. In these, the overall behavior of the material – and of any device built from it – relies on electron-electron interactions. And these are the interactions that give rise to quantum criticality.

In experiments at TU Wien and NIST's Center for Neutron Research, the team used magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and inelastic neutron scattering measurements to glean the quantum state of CeRu₄Sn₆ at very cold temperatures. The tests revealed that the material is quantum critical in its native state without the need for any fine-tuning.

Quantum criticality arises when strongly correlated materials undergo a phase change at very low temperatures. The transformation is akin to the freezing of liquid-phase water into solid-phase ice at 32F°. Phase changes in quantum materials also occur at critical temperatures, but the phases are quantum in nature. On one side of the critical point, electrons are ordered one way. On the other side, they are arranged in a different order. At the critical point, electrons are fickle, incessantly fluctuating between competing orders. This is quantum criticality – the pristine state measured in CeRu₄Sn₆.

"Usually, you have to work to achieve that condition," said Wes Fuhrman, an alumnus of Broholm's lab at Johns Hopkins and one of the paper's lead authors. "Finding these fluctuations is like hitting a bull's-eye that gets smaller and smaller as you lower the temperature. Here, the dilute electrons of the semimetal seem to act like trail guides to the quantum critical point."

While CeRu₄Sn₆ has not yet been proven to be topological, Si said he expects it eventually will be, in part because of its similarities to previous Weyl-Kondo semimetals, a class of materials he and Bühler-Paschen discovered in 2017. "To the extent that is the case, this work represents the very first step in realizing a still conjectured, conceptual framework where quantum criticality can be the reason for the emergence of strongly correlated topological semimetals," Si said.

Quantum states tend to be fragile; but in topological materials, patterns of quantum entanglement produce 'protected' states that cannot be erased. The immutable nature of topological states is of increasing interest for quantum computing, in which quantum states are used to store and process information.

Si said the state of topological materials today is reminiscent of that of high-temperature superconductors in the 1990s.

"There are a few materials that have been realized, but to really get from a few isolated examples to lots of cases, like we have today for unconventional superconductivity, one needs to have a framework, a design principle," said Bühler-Paschen.

This story is adapted from material from Rice University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.