Metals come together to convert carbon dioxide to ethanol

An international collaboration of scientists has taken a significant step toward realizing a nearly zero-net-carbon technology that will efficiently convert carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, and hydrogen into ethanol, which is useful as a fuel and has many other chemical applications. The study reports a 'roadmap' for successfully navigating this challenging reaction and provides a picture of the full reaction sequence using theoretical modeling and experimental characterization.

Led by the US Department of Energy (DOE)'s Brookhaven National Laboratory, the group determined that bringing cesium, copper and zinc oxide together into a close-contact configuration catalyzes a reaction pathway that transforms carbon dioxide (CO₂) into ethanol (C₂H₆O). They also discovered why this three-part interface is successful.

The study, which is reported in a paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, will drive further research into how to develop a practical industrial catalyst for selectively converting CO₂ into ethanol. Such processes will lead to technologies that are able to recycle CO₂ emitted from combustion and convert it into usable chemicals or fuels.

None of the three components examined in the study is able to individually catalyze the CO₂-to-ethanol conversion, nor can they in pairs. But when the trio is brought together in a certain configuration, the region where they meet opens a new route for the carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation that is critical for converting CO₂ to ethanol. The key to this is the well-tuned interplay between the cesium, copper and zinc oxide sites.

“There has been much work on carbon dioxide conversion to methanol, yet ethanol has many advantages over methanol. As a fuel, ethanol is safer and more potent. But its synthesis is very challenging due to the complexity of the reaction and the difficulty of controlling C-C bond formation,” said Brookhaven chemist Ping Liu, who is corresponding author of the paper. “We now know what kind of configuration is necessary to make the transformation, and the roles that each component plays during the reaction. It is a big breakthrough.”

The interface is formed by depositing tiny amounts of copper and cesium onto a surface of zinc oxide. To study the regions where the three materials meet, the group turned to an X-ray technique called X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, which showed a likely change in the reaction mechanism for CO₂ hydrogenation when cesium was added.

More details were revealed using two widely used theoretical approaches: 'density functional theory' calculations, a computational modelling method for investigating the structures of materials, and 'kinetic Monte Carlo simulation', which can simulate the reaction kinetics. For this work, the group utilized the computing resources of Brookhaven’s Center for Functional Nanomaterials and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, both DOE Office of Science User Facilities.

One of the things the scientists learned from the modeling is that the cesium is a vital component of the active system. Without its presence, ethanol cannot be made. In addition, good coordination with copper and zinc oxide is also important. But there is much more to learn.

“There are many challenges to overcome before arriving at an industrial process that can turn carbon dioxide into usable ethanol,” said Brookhaven chemist José Rodriguez, who participated in the work. “For example, there needs to be a clear way to improve the selectivity towards ethanol production. A key issue is to understand the link between the nature of the catalyst and the reaction mechanism; this study is on the front lines of that effort. We are aiming for a fundamental understanding of the process.”

Another goal of this area of research is to find an ideal catalyst for CO₂ conversion to 'higher' alcohols, which have two or more carbon atoms (ethanol has two) and are, therefore, more useful and desirable for industrial applications and the production of commodity goods. The catalyst studied in this work is advantageous because copper- and zinc oxide-based catalysts are already widespread in the chemical industry and utilized in various catalytic processes, including the conversion of CO₂ to methanol.

The researchers have planned follow-up studies at Brookhaven’s National Synchrotron Light Source II, also a DOE Office of Science User Facility, which offers a unique suite of tools and techniques for characterizing catalysts under working conditions. There, they will investigate in more detail the copper-cesium-zinc oxide system, as well as catalysts with different compositions.

This story is adapted from material from Brookhaven National Laboratory, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.