An element-specific, scanning transmission electron microscopy image of the atoms in a new crystalline material developed by researchers at Yale University in collaboration with Brookhaven National Laboratory. The image shows layered sheets of cobalt (green) and titanium (red) atoms. Image: Brookhaven National Laboratory.The revolutionary advances in technology of the next few decades may come from new materials so small they make nanomaterials look like lumpy behemoths. These new materials will be designed and refined at the picometer scale, which is a thousand times smaller than a nanometer and a million times smaller than a micrometer (which itself is smaller than the width of a human hair).
In order to do this work, scientists will need training in an array of new equipment that can measure and guide such exquisitely controlled materials. This work will involve designing the materials theoretically, fabricating them and characterizing their properties. At Yale University, they have a name for it; they call it ‘picoscience’.
"Researchers at Yale are inventing new materials that are small, fast and can perform in a multitude of ways, such as mimicking neurons in the brain, computing with magnets and calculating with quantum mechanics," said Frederick Walker, a senior research scientist in the lab of Charles Ahn, professor of applied physics, mechanical engineering and materials science, and physics, and chair of the Department of Applied Physics.
Ahn is the senior author of a paper in Physical Review Letters that moves picoscience in yet another direction: taking elements from the periodic table and tinkering with them at the subatomic level to tease out new materials. The paper reports how Ahn and his team designed and grew an artificial, layered crystal composed of the elements lanthanum, titanium, cobalt and oxygen.
The researchers layered the elements one atomic plane at a time, so that one-atom-thick sheets of titanium oxide transfer an electron to one-atom-thick-sheets of cobalt oxide. This changed the electronic configuration and magnetic properties of the cobalt oxide sheet.
"We were able to manipulate the constituent atoms with a precision much smaller than the atom itself," said Sangjae Lee, a graduate student in Ahn's lab and first author of the paper. "These types of new crystals may form the basis for developing new magnetic materials, where a delicate balance between magnetism and electronic conduction at such small length scales can be manipulated in novel, transistor-like devices that have performance advantages over today's transistors."
Lee trained on a number of instruments that are being developed at the National Synchrotron Light Source II at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. A synchrotron is a machine roughly the size of a football field that speeds up electrons almost to the speed of light. The electrons generate extremely bright x-ray beams that are used by researchers in experiments.
In addition to designing and growing the new material, Lee characterized it and analyzed the results. From the theoretical side, Yale colleagues Alex Taekyung Lee and Alexandru Georgescu, who is now at the Center for Computational Quantum Physics at the Flatiron Institute in New York, used quantum mechanical computations to compute the structure of the material and its effect on the electronic configuration. This work allowed the team to describe the magnetic state of the material.
Yale has identified the development of quantum materials as a priority research area, foreseeing their use in new computational systems that will far outstrip today's computers. The university has also noted the significance of collaborations with Brookhaven, which has some of the most advanced materials characterization facilities in the US, including the nation's newest synchrotron.
"The invention of new materials has been at the heart of technological advances that have transformed our lives," said co-author Ismail-Beigi, a professor of applied physics at Yale. "New electronic materials have driven the ever-increasing capabilities of cell phones, computers, tablets, smart watches and medical devices."
Co-author Walker stressed the importance of communication between experimentalists and theorists in conducting picoscience research: "A synergistic feedback loop between theoretical design and experimental fabrication is crucial to successfully discovering new materials properties," he said. "This feedback loop has become a signature of the National Science Foundation's materials discovery program and was originally developed at Yale."
This story is adapted from material from Yale University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.