An illustration of the new perovskite material produced by exposure to light, oxygen and humidity. Image: Dr Matthew T Klug.Researchers have shown that defects in the molecular structure of perovskites – a material that could revolutionize the solar cell industry – can be ‘healed’ by exposing it to light and just the right amount of humidity.
In 2016, an international team of researchers demonstrated that defects in the crystalline structure of perovskites could be healed by exposing them to light, but the effects were temporary. Now, an expanded team from the universities of Cambridge, Oxford and Bath in the UK, Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have shown that these defects can be permanently healed.
This discovery could further accelerate the development of cheap, high-performance perovskite-based solar cells that rival the efficiency of silicon. The team report their results in a paper in Joule.
Most solar cells on the market today are based on silicon, but since they are expensive and energy-intensive to produce, researchers have been searching for alternative materials for solar cells and other photovoltaics. Perovskites are perhaps the most promising of these alternatives: they are cheap and easy to produce, and in just a few short years of development, perovskites have become almost as efficient as silicon at converting sunlight into electricity.
Despite the potential of perovskites, some limitations have hampered their efficiency and consistency. Tiny defects in the crystalline structure of perovskites, called traps, can cause electrons to get ‘stuck’ before their energy can be harnessed. The easier electrons can move around in a solar cell material, the more efficient that material will be at converting photons of light into electricity.
“In perovskite solar cells and LEDs, you tend to lose a lot of efficiency through defects,” explained Sam Stranks, who led the research while he was a Marie Curie fellow jointly at MIT and Cambridge. “We want to know the origins of the defects so that we can eliminate them and make perovskites more efficient.”
In a 2016 paper, Stranks and his colleagues found that when perovskites were exposed to illumination iodide ions in the material migrated away from the illuminated region, and in the process swept away most of the defects in that region along with them (see Light has healing effect on perovskite films). However, these effects, while promising, were temporary because the ions migrated back to similar positions when the light was removed.
In the new study, the team printed a perovskite-based device using techniques compatible with scalable roll-to-roll processes, but before the device was completed, they exposed it to light, oxygen and humidity. Perovskites often start to degrade when exposed to humidity, but the team found that when humidity levels were between 40% and 50% and the exposure was limited to 30 minutes, degradation did not occur. Once the exposure was complete, the remaining layers were deposited to finish the device.
The team found that the light caused electrons in the device to bind with the applied oxygen, forming a superoxide that could very effectively bind to electron traps and prevent these traps from hindering electrons. In the accompanying presence of water, the perovskite surface was also converted into a protective shell. This shell coating removes traps from the surfaces but also locks in the superoxide, ensuring that the performance improvements in the perovskites are now long-lived.
“It’s counter-intuitive, but applying humidity and light makes the perovskite solar cells more luminescent, a property which is extremely important if you want efficient solar cells,” said Stranks, who is now based at Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory. “We’ve seen an increase in luminescence efficiency from 1% to 89%, and we think we could get it all the way to 100%, which means we could have no voltage loss – but there’s still a lot of work to be done.”
This story is adapted from material from the University of Cambridge, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.