Novel carbon-capture material is cheap and plastic

Using an inexpensive polymer called melamine – the main component of Formica – chemists have created a cheap, easy and energy-efficient way to capture carbon dioxide from smokestacks, a key goal for the US and other nations as they seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The process for synthesizing the melamine material, reported in a paper in Science Advances, could also potentially be scaled down to capture emissions from vehicle exhausts and other movable sources of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) from fossil-fuel burning makes up about 75% of all greenhouse gases produced in the US.

The new material is simple to make, requiring primarily off-the-shelf melamine powder – which currently costs about $40 per ton – along with formaldehyde and cyanuric acid, a chemical that, among other uses, is added with chlorine to swimming pools.

“We wanted to think about a carbon-capture material that was derived from sources that were really cheap and easy to get. And so, we decided to start with melamine,” said Jeffrey Reimer, professor of the Graduate School in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of California (UC) Berkeley, and one of the corresponding authors of the paper.

The so-called melamine porous network captures carbon dioxide with an efficiency comparable to early results for another relatively recent material for carbon capture – metal organic frameworks (MOFs). UC Berkeley chemists created the first carbon-capture MOF in 2015, and subsequent versions have proved even more efficient at removing carbon dioxide from flue gases, such as those from a coal-fired power plant.

But Haiyan Mao, a UC Berkeley postdoctoral fellow and first author of the paper, said that melamine-based materials use much cheaper ingredients, are easier to make and are more energy efficient than most MOFs. The low cost of porous melamine means that the material could be deployed widely.

“In this study, we focused on cheaper material design for capture and storage, and elucidating the interaction mechanism between CO₂ and the material,” Mao said. “This work creates a general industrialization method towards sustainable CO₂ capture using porous networks. We hope we can design a future attachment for capturing car exhaust gas, or maybe an attachment to a building or even a coating on the surface of furniture.”

While eliminating fossil-fuel burning is essential to halting climate change, a major interim strategy is to capture emissions of CO₂ – the main greenhouse gas – and store it underground or turn it into usable products. The US Department of Energy has already announced projects totaling $3.18 billion to boost advanced and commercially scalable technologies for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS), with the aim of reaching an ambitious flue gas CO₂ capture efficiency target of 90%. The ultimate US goal is net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

But carbon capture is far from commercially viable. The best technique today involves piping flue gases through liquid amines, which bind CO₂. But this requires large amounts of energy to release the CO₂ once it’s bound to the amines, so it can be concentrated and stored underground. The amine mixture must be heated to 120–150°C (250–300°F) to regenerate the CO₂.

In contrast, the melamine porous network captures CO₂ at about 40°C, slightly above room temperature, and releases it at 80°C, below the boiling point of water. The energy savings come from not having to heat the substance to high temperatures.

In its research, the team, which included researchers from Stanford University and Texas A&M University, focused on the common polymer melamine, which is used not only in Formica but also inexpensive dinnerware and utensils, industrial coatings and other plastics. Treating melamine powder with formaldehyde – which the researchers did in kilogram quantities – creates nanoscale pores in the melamine that the researchers thought would absorb CO₂.

Tests confirmed that formaldehyde-treated melamine did adsorb CO₂ somewhat, but the researchers found the adsorption could be much improved by adding another amine-containing chemical called DETA (diethylenetriamine) to bind CO₂. Mao and her colleagues also found that adding cyanuric acid during the polymerization reaction increased the pore size dramatically and radically improved CO₂ capture efficiency. Nearly all the carbon dioxide in a simulated flue gas mixture was absorbed within about three minutes.

The addition of cyanuric acid also allowed the material to be used over and over again.

Mao and her colleagues conducted solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies to understand how cyanuric acid and DETA interacted to make carbon capture so efficient. These studies showed that cyanuric acid forms strong hydrogen bonds with the melamine network to help stabilize the DETA, preventing it from leaching out of the melamine pores during repeated cycles of carbon capture and regeneration.

“What Haiyan and her colleagues were able to show with these elegant techniques is exactly how these groups intermingle, exactly how CO₂ reacts with them, and that in the presence of this pore-opening cyanuric acid, she's able to cycle CO₂ on and off many times with capacity that's really quite good,” Reimer said. “And the rate at which CO₂ adsorbs is actually quite rapid, relative to some other materials. So, all the practical aspects at the laboratory scale of this material for CO₂ capture have been met, and it's just incredibly cheap and easy to make.”

“Utilizing solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, we systematically elucidated in unprecedented, atomic-level detail the mechanism of the reaction of the amorphous networks with CO₂,” Mao said. “For the energy and environmental community, this work creates a high-performance, solid-state network family together with a thorough understanding of the mechanisms, but also encourages the evolution of porous materials research from trial-and-error methods to rational, step-by-step, atomic-level modulation.”

The team is continuing to tweak the pore size and amine groups to improve the carbon capture efficiency of melamine porous networks, while maintaining the energy efficiency. This involves using a technique called dynamic combinatorial chemistry to vary the proportions of ingredients to achieve effective, scalable, recyclable and high-capacity CO₂ capture.

This story is adapted from material from the University of California, Berkeley, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.