Researchers have created synthetic proteins that form honeycomb-like structures on the atomic surface of mica, shown here as tan spheres. Image: PNNL.Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the University of Washington (UW) have managed to induce artificial proteins to self-assemble on a crystal surface by creating an exact match between the pattern of amino acids in the protein and the atoms of the crystal. The ability to program these interactions could allow the design of new biomimetic materials with customized colors, chemical reactivity or mechanical properties that could serve as scaffolds for nano-scale filters, solar cells or electronic circuits. The researchers report their work in a paper in Nature.
"Biology has an amazing ability to organize matter from the atomic scale all the way up to blue whales," said co-first author Harley Pyles, a graduate student at UW Medicine's Institute for Protein Design (IPD). "Now, using protein design, we can create brand new biomolecules that assemble from atomic- to millimeter-length scales. In this case, mica – a naturally occurring crystal – is acting like a big Lego baseplate on top of which we are assembling new protein architectures."
The design of the new mineral-binding molecules was inspired by proteins that interact with ice. At the molecular scale, ice is flat and contains an atomically precise pattern of rigid water molecules. In nature, proteins match these patterns to enable them to stick to the ice.
The team used computational molecular design to engineer new proteins with customized patterns of electrical charge on their surfaces, as if they were nano-size Lego blocks perfectly matched to the mica baseplate. Synthetic genes encoding these designer proteins were placed inside bacteria, which then mass produced the proteins in the laboratory.
The researchers found that different designs formed different patterns on the mica surface. By redesigning parts of the proteins, the team was able to produce honeycomb lattices in which they could digitally tune the diameters of the pores by just a few nanometers, which is about the width of a single DNA double helix molecule.
"This is a milestone in the study of protein-material interfaces," said David Baker, director of the IPD, a professor of biochemistry at the UW School of Medicine and co-senior author of the paper. "We achieved an unprecedented degree of order by designing units that self-assemble into aligned rows of nanorods, precise hexagonal lattices and exquisite single-molecule-wide nanowires."
The research was reliant on atomic force microscopy (AFM), which uses a tiny needle to map molecular surfaces, much like how the needle from a record player reads information in the grooves of a vinyl record. The AFM results showed that the architectures formed by the proteins are controlled by a subtle balance between the designed interactions with the mica surface and forces that only appear when large numbers of proteins act in concert, like logs on a river.
"Even though we designed specific atomic-level interactions, we get these structures, in part, because the proteins are crowded out by the water and are forced to pack together," explained James De Yoreo, a materials scientist at PNNL and co-director of NW IMPACT, a joint research endeavor between PNNL and UW to power discoveries and advancements in materials. "This was unexpected behavior and demonstrates that we need to better understand the role of water in ordering proteins in molecular-scale systems."
Being able to create functional protein filaments and lattices from scratch could also allow the fabrication of entirely novel materials, unlike any found in nature. The findings could lead to new strategies for synthesizing semiconductor and metallic nanoparticle circuits for photovoltaic or energy storage applications. Or alternatively, the protein honeycombs could be used as extremely precise filters, according to co-first author Shuai Zhang, a postdoctoral researcher at PNNL. "The pores would be small enough to filter viruses out of drinking water or filter particulates out of air," Zhang said.
This story is adapted from material from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.