An artistic depiction of ultrahigh energy storage in 2D perovskites. Image: Minoru Osada, Nagoya University.A research group led by Minoru Osada from the Institute for Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS) at Nagoya University in Japan has developed a nanosheet device with the highest energy-storage capability yet seen. The group reports its results in a paper in Nano Letters.
Innovations in energy-storage technology are vital for the effective use of renewable energy and the mass production of electric vehicles. Current energy-storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries have long charging times and various problems, including electrolyte degradation, loss of capacity over time and even unwanted ignition.
One promising alternative is dielectric energy-storage capacitors. The basic structure of these capacitors is a sandwich-like film made of two metal electrodes separated by a solid dielectric film. Dielectrics are materials that store energy through a physical charge displacement mechanism called polarization.
When an electric field is applied to the capacitor, positive charges are attracted towards the negative electrode and negative charges are attracted towards the positive electrode. In this way, the storage of electrical energy depends on the polarization of the dielectric film by applying an external electric field.?
“The dielectric capacitors have many advantages, such as a short charging time of only a few seconds, long life and high power density,” Osada said. However, the energy density of current dielectrics falls significantly short of meeting the increasing demands for electrical energy. Enhancing the energy density would help dielectric capacitors compete with other energy-storage devices.
Since the energy stored in a dielectric capacitor is related to the amount of polarization, the key to achieving high energy density is to apply as high an electric field as possible to a material with a high dielectric constant. However, existing materials are limited by the amount of electric field they can handle.
To go beyond conventional dielectric research, the research group used layers of nanosheets made of calcium, sodium, niobium and oxygen with a perovskite crystal structure. “The perovskite structure is known as the best structure for ferroelectrics, as it has excellent dielectric properties such as high polarization,” Osada explains. “We found that by using this property, a high electric field could be applied to dielectric materials with high polarization and converted into electrostatic energy without loss, achieving the highest energy density ever recorded.”
The research group’s findings confirmed that the energy density of these nanosheet dielectric capacitors was one to two orders of magnitude higher than previous capacitors, while maintaining the same high output density. Excitingly, this high energy density could be maintained over multiple cycles of use and was stable even at high temperatures of up to 300°C.
“This achievement provides new design guidelines for the development of dielectric capacitors and is expected to apply to all-solid-state energy storage devices that take advantage of the nanosheet's features of high energy density, high power density, short charging time of as little as a few seconds, long life and high temperature stability,” Osada said. “Dielectric capacitors possess the ability to release stored energy in an extremely short time and create an intense pulsed voltage or current. These features are useful in many pulsed-discharge and power electronic applications. In addition to hybrid electric vehicles, they would also be useful in high-power accelerators and high-power microwave devices.”
This story is adapted from material from Nagoya University, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.