MIT engineers have found that PEG has unique, super-soaking abilities. Even as temperatures climb, the transparent material continues to absorb moisture, and could serve to harvest water in desert regions and passively regulate humidity in tropical climates. Image: Felice Frankel.The vast majority of absorbent materials will lose their ability to retain water as temperatures rise, which is why our skin starts to sweat and our plants dry out in the heat. Even materials that are designed to soak up moisture, such as the silica gel packs in consumer packaging, will lose their sponge-like properties as their environment heats up.
But one material appears to uniquely resist heat’s drying effects. Engineers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have now found that polyethylene glycol (PEG) – a hydrogel commonly used in cosmetic creams, industrial coatings and pharmaceutical capsules — can absorb moisture from the atmosphere even as temperatures climb.
As the team reports in a paper in Advanced Materials, the material can double its water absorption as temperatures climb from 25°C to 50°C (77°F to 122°F).
PEG’s resilience stems from a heat-triggering transformation. As its surroundings heat up, the hydrogel’s microstructure morphs from a crystal to a less organized ‘amorphous’ phase, which enhances the material’s ability to capture water.
Based on PEG’s unique properties, the team developed a model that can be used to engineer other heat-resistant, water-absorbing materials. The group envisions such materials could one day be made into devices that harvest moisture from the air for drinking water, particularly in arid desert regions. The materials could also be incorporated into heat pumps and air conditioners to regulate temperature and humidity more efficiently.
“A huge amount of energy consumption in buildings is used for thermal regulation,” says Lenan Zhang, a research scientist in MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering. “This material could be a key component of passive climate-control systems.” Along with Zhang, the team of engineers included Xinyue Liu, Bachir El Fil, Carlos Diaz-Marin, Yang Zhong, Xiangyu Li and Evelyn Wang from MIT, and Shaoting Lin from Michigan State University.
Wang’s group in MIT’s Device Research Lab aims to address energy and water challenges through the design of new materials and devices that sustainably manage water and heat. The team of engineers discovered PEG’s unusual properties as they were assessing a slew of similar hydrogels for their water-harvesting abilities.
“We were looking for a high-performance material that could capture water for different applications,” Zhang explains. “Hydrogels are a perfect candidate, because they are mostly made of water and a polymer network. They can simultaneously expand as they absorb water, making them ideal for regulating humidity and water vapor.”
The team analyzed a variety of hydrogels, including PEG, by placing each material on a scale set within a climate-controlled chamber. A material became heavier as it absorbed more moisture. By recording a material’s changing weight, the researchers could track its ability to absorb moisture as they tuned the chamber’s temperature and humidity.
What they observed was typical of most materials: as the temperature increased, the hydrogels’ ability to capture moisture from the air decreased. The reason for this temperature-dependence is well-understood: with heat comes motion, and at higher temperatures, water molecules move faster and are therefore more difficult to contain in most materials.
“Our intuition tells us that at higher temperatures, materials tend to lose their ability to capture water,” says co-author Xinyue Liu. “So, we were very surprised by PEG because it has this inverse relationship.” They found that PEG grew heavier and continued to absorb water as they raised the chamber’s temperature from 25°C to 50°C.
“At first, we thought we had measured some errors, and thought this could not be possible,” Liu says. “After we double-checked everything was correct in the experiment, we realized this was really happening, and this is the only known material that shows increasing water-absorbing ability with higher temperature.”
The group zeroed in on PEG to try and identify the reason for its unusual, heat-resilient performance. They found that the material has a natural melting point at around 50°C, meaning that the hydrogel’s normally crystal-like microstructure completely breaks down and transforms into an amorphous phase. This melted, amorphous phase provides more opportunity for polymers in the material to grab hold of any fast-moving water molecules.
“In the crystal phase, there might be only a few sites on a polymer available to attract water and bind,” Zhang says. “But in the amorphous phase, you might have many more sites available. So, the overall performance can increase with increased temperature.”
The team then developed a theory to predict how hydrogels absorb water, and showed that the theory could also explain PEG’s unusual behavior if the researchers added a ‘missing term’ to the theory. That missing term was the effect of the phase transformation. They found that when they included this effect, the theory could predict PEG’s behavior, along with that of other temperature-limiting hydrogels.
The discovery of PEG’s unique properties occurred in large part by chance. The material’s melting temperature just happens to be within the range where water is a liquid, allowing the team to catch PEG’s phase transformation and its resulting super-soaking behavior. The other hydrogels happen to have melting temperatures that fall outside this range. But the researchers suspect that these materials are also capable of similar phase transformations once they hit their melting temperatures.
“Other polymers could in theory exhibit this same behavior, if we can engineer their melting points within a selected temperature range,” says Lin.
Now that the team has worked out a theory, they plan to use it as a blueprint to design materials specifically for capturing water at higher temperatures. “We want to customize our design to make sure a material can absorb a relatively high amount of water, at low humidity and high temperatures,” Liu says. “Then it could be used for atmospheric water harvesting, to bring people potable water in hot, arid environments.”
This story is adapted from material from MIT, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.