Novel recycling method gives PVC a shock

PVC, or polyvinyl chloride, is one of the most produced plastics in the US and the third highest by volume in the world. PVC makes up a vast amount of the plastics we use on a daily basis. Much of the plastic used in hospital equipment – tubing, blood bags, masks and more – is PVC, as is most of the piping used in modern plumbing. Window frames, housing trim, siding and flooring are made of, or include, PVC. It coats electrical wiring and comprises materials such as shower curtains, tents, tarps and clothing.

At the moment, however, PVC has a zero percent recycling rate in the US.

Now, researchers at the University of Michigan (U-M), led by study first author Danielle Fagnani and principal investigator Anne McNeil, have discovered a way to chemically recycle PVC into usable material. Even better, the researchers found a way to use the phthalates in the plasticizers – one of PVC's most noxious components – as the mediator for the chemical reaction. They report their work in a paper in Nature Chemistry.

"PVC is the kind of plastic that no one wants to deal with because it has its own unique set of problems," said Fagnani, who completed the work as a postdoctoral researcher in the U-M Department of Chemistry. "PVC usually contains a lot of plasticizers, which contaminate everything in the recycling stream and are usually very toxic. It also releases hydrochloric acid really rapidly with some heat."

Plastic is typically recycled by melting it down and reforming it into lower-quality materials in a process called mechanical recycling. But when heat is applied to PVC, one of its primary components, called plasticizers, leaches out of the material very easily, McNeil says. These plasticizers can then slip into other plastics in the recycling stream.

What is more, the phthalates in these plasticizers are highly toxic endocrine disruptors, which means they can interfere with the thyroid hormone, growth hormones and hormones involved with reproduction in mammals, including humans. Additionally, hydrochloric acid is easily released from PVC with heat, and this acid can corrode the recycling equipment and cause chemical burns to skin and eyes – not ideal for workers in a recycling plant.

So, to find a way to recycle PVC that does not require heat, Fagnani began exploring electrochemistry. Along the way, she and her team discovered that the plasticizer that presents one of the major recycling difficulties could actually be used in the method to break down PVC. In fact, the plasticizer improves the efficiency of the method, while the electrochemical aspect resolves the issue with hydrochloric acid.

"What we found is that it still releases hydrochloric acid, but at a much slower, more controlled rate," Fagnani said.

PVC is a polymer with a hydrocarbon backbone composed of single carbon-carbon bonds. Attached to every other carbon group is a chlorine group. Under heat activation, hydrochloric acid rapidly pops off, resulting in a carbon-carbon double bond along the polymer's backbone.

To do away with the heat activation, the research team used electrochemistry to introduce an electron into the system, giving it a negative charge. This breaks the carbon-chloride bond and results in a negatively charged chloride ion. Because the researchers are using electrochemistry, they can meter the rate at which electrons are introduced into the system – which controls how quickly hydrochloric acid is produced.

The acid can then be used by industries as a reagent for other chemical reactions. The chloride ions can also be used to chlorinate small molecules called arenes, which can be used in pharmaceutical and agricultural components. There is other material left over from the polymer, for which McNeil says the group is still looking for a use.

According to Fagnani, this study shows how scientists might think about chemically recycling other difficult materials. "Let's be strategic with the additives that are in plastics formulations. Let's think about the during-use and end-of-use from the perspective of the additives," said Fagnani, who is now a research scientist at Ashland, a company focused on making biodegradable specialty additives for consumer goods such as laundry detergents, sunscreens and shampoos. "Current group members are trying to improve the efficiency of this process even more."

The focus of McNeil's lab has been to develop ways to chemically recycle different kinds of plastics. Breaking plastics into their constituent parts could produce non-degraded materials that industry can incorporate back into production.

"It's a failure of humanity to have created these amazing materials which have improved our lives in many ways, but at the same time to be so shortsighted that we didn't think about what to do with the waste," McNeil said. "In the United States, we're still stuck at a 9% recycling rate, and it's only a few types of plastics. And even for the plastics we do recycle, it leads to lower and lower quality polymers. Our beverage bottles never become beverage bottles again. They become a textile or a park bench, which then ends up in a landfill."

This story is adapted from material from the University of Michigan, with editorial changes made by Materials Today. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of Elsevier. Link to original source.